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| Antibiotic
Medications |
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| Penicillin Derivatives |
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| Depletions |
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| Probiotics; Bifidobacteria bifidum; Lactobacillus
Acidophilus; Saccaromyces boulardii |
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Reducing the number of probiotic organisms in the
gastrointestinal tract may decrease the body's ability
to resist infections and diseases. Symptoms of
deficiency include gas, abdominal distress, diarrhea,
and yeast infections.
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| Vitamin
B2 (Riboflavin) |
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Symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency may include cracks
at the corners of the mouth, inflammation of the skin,
growth retardation, and impaired wound healing.
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| Vitamin
B9 (Folic Acid) |
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Low levels of folic acid have been linked to anemia,
heart disease, birth defects, and colon cancer.
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| Vitamin
B12 (Cobalamin) |
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Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency are
rare because it takes years to develop complications
associated with long-term depletion of this nutrient.
Irritability, weakness, numbness, anemia, loss of
appetite, headache, personality changes, and confusion
are some of the signs and symptoms associated with
vitamin B12 depletion. Low levels of this
vitamin may also be associated with an increased risk of
colon cancer, heart disease, brain disorders, and birth
defects.
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| Vitamin
H (Biotin) |
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Low levels of biotin are associated with changes in
skin color, inflammation of the skin, hair loss, muscle
pain, anemia, loss of appetite, depression, insomnia,
and elevated levels of cholesterol.
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| Vitamin
K |
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The major symptom of vitamin K deficiency is an
inability of the blood to clot properly, which may lead
to excessive bleeding and a tendency to bruise easily.
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| Editorial Note |
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The selected depletions information presented here
identifies some of the nutrients that may be depleted by
certain medications. The signs and symptoms associated
with nutrient deficiency may also indicate conditions
other than nutrient deficiency. If you are experiencing
any of the signs or symptoms mentioned, it does not
necessarily mean that you are nutrient deficient.
Nutrient depletion depends upon a number of factors,
including your medical history, diet, and lifestyle as
well as the length of time you have been taking the
medication. Please consult your healthcare provider; he
or she can best assess and address your individual
healthcare needs, and determine if you are at risk for
nutrient depletions from these medications as well as
others not listed here.
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| Supporting Research |
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Albert MJ, Mathan VI, Baker SJ. Vitamin B12 synthesis
by human small intestinal bacteria. Nature.
1980;283(5749):781-782.
Ames BN. Micronutrient deficiencies: A major cause of
DNA damage. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000;889:87-106.
Beaugerie L. [Diarrhea caused by antibiotic therapy].
Rev Prat. 1996;46(2):171-176.
Berger W. Incidence of severe side effects during
therapy with sulfonylureas and biguanides. Horm Metab
Res Suppl. 1985;15:111-115.
Brismar B, Edlund C, Nord CE. Impact of cefpodoxime
proxetil and amoxicillin on the normal oral and
intestinal microflora. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect
Dis. 1993;12(9):714-719.
Carpentier JL, Bury J, Luyckx A, Lefebvre P. Vitamin
B12 and folic acid serum levels in diabetics under
various therapeutic regimens. Diabetes Metab.
1976;2(4):187-190.
Conly J, Stein K. Reduction of vitamin K2
concentrations in human liver associated with the use of
broad spectrum antimicrobials. Clin Invest Med.
1994;17(6):531-539.
Covington T, ed. Nonprescription Drug Therapy
Guiding Patient Self-Care. St Louis, MO: Facts and
Comparisons; 1999: 467-545.
Galland L. The Four Pillars of Healing. New
York, NY: Random House; 1997:186-199.
Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin
synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1997;6(Suppl
1):S43-S45.
Nord CE. The effect of antimicrobial agents on the
ecology of the human intestinal microflora. Vet
Microbiol. 1993;35(3-4):193-197.
Powers HJ. Current knowledge concerning optimum
nutritional status of riboflavin, niacin and pyridoxine.
Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(2):435-440.
Stark CA, Adamsson I, Edlund C, et al. Effects of
omeprazole and amoxycillin on the human oral and
gastrointestinal microflora in patients with
Helicobacter pylori infection. J Antimicrob Chemother.
1996;38(6):927-939.
Stieger R, Baumgartner K, Neff U. [Dangerous
hypothrombinemic hemorrhage in antibiotic therapy]. Helv Chir
Acta. 1992;58(6):775-778.
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| Review Date: October
2000 |
Reviewed By: All
depletions monographs have been reviewed by a team of
experts including Derrick M. DeSilva, Jr., MD, Raritan
Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ; Jacqueline A. Hart,
MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Newton-Wellesley
Hospital, Harvard University and Senior Medical Editor,
A.D.A.M., Inc., Boston, MA; John Hinze, PharmD, NMD,
Woodbine, IA; Ruth Marlin, MD, Medical Director and
Director of Medical Education, Preventive Medicine
Research Institute, Sausalito, CA; Brian T Sanderoff,
PD, BS in Pharmacy, Clinical Assistant Professor,
University of Maryland School of Pharmacy; President,
Your Prescription for Health, Owings Mills, MD; Leonard
Wisneski, MD, FACP, George Washington University,
Rockville, MD; Ira Zunin, MD, MPH, MBA, President and
Chairman, Hawaii State Consortium for Integrative
Medicine, Honolulu, HI.
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Copyright © 2004 A.D.A.M., Inc
The publisher does not
accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the
information or the consequences arising from the
application, use, or misuse of any of the information
contained herein, including any injury and/or damage to
any person or property as a matter of product liability,
negligence, or otherwise. No warranty, expressed or
implied, is made in regard to the contents of this
material. No claims or endorsements are made for any
drugs or compounds currently marketed or in
investigative use. This material is not intended as a
guide to self-medication. The reader is advised to
discuss the information provided here with a doctor,
pharmacist, nurse, or other authorized healthcare
practitioner and to check product information (including
package inserts) regarding dosage, precautions,
warnings, interactions, and contraindications before
administering any drug, herb, or supplement discussed
herein.
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