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| Antibiotic Medications |
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| Antibiotic Combination: Sulfa Drugs |
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 | Co-Trimoxazole
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| Sulfamethoxazole
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| Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
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| Trimethoprim
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|
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|
| Depletions |
|
|
| Probiotics; Bifidobacteria bifidum; Lactobacillus
Acidophilus; Saccaromyces boulardii |
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|
Reducing the number of probiotic organisms in the
gastrointestinal tract may decrease the body's ability to resist
infections and diseases. Symptoms of deficiency include gas,
abdominal distress, diarrhea, and yeast infections.
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|
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| Vitamin
B2 (Riboflavin) |
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Symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency may include
cracks at the corners of the mouth, inflammation of the skin,
growth retardation, and impaired wound healing.
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| Vitamin
B9 (Folic Acid) |
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Low levels of folic acid have been linked to anemia, heart
disease, birth defects, and colon cancer.
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|
|
|
| Vitamin
B12 (Cobalamin) |
|
|
Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency are rare
because it takes years to develop complications associated with
long-term depletion of this nutrient. Irritability, weakness,
numbness, anemia, loss of appetite, headache, personality
changes, and confusion are some of the signs and symptoms
associated with vitamin B12 depletion. Low levels of
this vitamin may also be associated with an increased risk of
colon cancer, heart disease, brain disorders, and birth defects.
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|
|
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| Vitamin
H (Biotin) |
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Low levels of biotin are associated with changes in skin
color, inflammation of the skin, hair loss, muscle pain, anemia,
loss of appetite, depression, insomnia, and elevated levels of
cholesterol.
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|
|
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| Vitamin K |
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The major symptom of vitamin K deficiency is an inability of
the blood to clot properly, which may lead to excessive bleeding
and a tendency to bruise easily.
|
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| Editorial Note |
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|
The selected depletions information presented here identifies
some of the nutrients that may be depleted by certain
medications. The signs and symptoms associated with nutrient
deficiency may also indicate conditions other than nutrient
deficiency. If you are experiencing any of the signs or symptoms
mentioned, it does not necessarily mean that you are nutrient
deficient. Nutrient depletion depends upon a number of factors,
including your medical history, diet, and lifestyle as well as
the length of time you have been taking the medication. Please
consult your healthcare provider; he or she can best assess and
address your individual healthcare needs, and determine if you
are at risk for nutrient depletions from these medications as
well as others not listed here.
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| Supporting Research |
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|
Albert MJ, Mathan VI, Baker SJ. Vitamin B12 synthesis by
human small intestinal bacteria. Nature.
1980;283(5749):781-782.
Ames BN. Micronutrient deficiencies: A major cause of DNA
damage. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000;889:87-106.
Beaugerie L. [Diarrhea caused by antibiotic therapy]. Rev
Prat. 1996;46(2):171-176.
Berger W. Incidence of severe side effects during therapy
with sulfonylureas and biguanides. Horm Metab Res Suppl.
1985;15:111-115.
Carpentier JL, Bury J, Luyckx A, Lefebvre P. Vitamin B12 and
folic acid serum levels in diabetics under various therapeutic
regimens. Diabetes Metab. 1976;2(4):187-190.
Conly J, Stein K. Reduction of vitamin K2 concentrations in
human liver associated with the use of broad spectrum
antimicrobials. Clin Invest Med. 1994;17(6):531-539.
Covington T, ed. Nonprescription Drug Therapy Guiding
Patient Self-Care. St Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons;
1999:467-545.
Galland L. The Four Pillars of Healing. New York, NY:
Random House; 1997:186-199.
Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur
J Cancer Prev. 1997;6(Suppl 1):S43-45.
Lambie DG, Johnson RH. Drugs and folate metabolism. Drugs.
1985;30(2):145-155.
Naderer O, Nafziger AN, Bertino JS. Effects of moderate-dose
versus high-dose trimethoprim on serum creatinine and creatinine
clearance and adverse reactions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
1997;41(11):2466-2470.
Nord CE. The effect of antimicrobial agents on the ecology of
the human intestinal microflora. Vet Microbiol.
1993;35(3-4):193-197.
Powers HJ. Current knowledge concerning optimum nutritional
status of riboflavin, niacin and pyridoxine. Proc Nutr Soc.
1999;58(2):435-440.
Stieger R, Baumgartner K, Neff U. [Dangerous hypothrombinemic
hemorrhage in antibiotic therapy]. Helv Chir Acta.
1992;58(6):775-778.
Taraszewski R, Harvey R, Rosman P. Death from drug-induced
hemolytic anemia. Postgrad Med. 1989;85(7):79-80, 84.
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| Review Date: October 2000 |
Reviewed By: All depletions
monographs have been reviewed by a team of experts including
Derrick M. DeSilva, Jr., MD, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth
Amboy, NJ; Jacqueline A. Hart, MD, Department of Internal
Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Harvard University and
Senior Medical Editor, A.D.A.M., Inc., Boston, MA; John Hinze,
PharmD, NMD, Woodbine, IA; Ruth Marlin, MD, Medical Director and
Director of Medical Education, Preventive Medicine Research
Institute, Sausalito, CA; Brian T Sanderoff, PD, BS in Pharmacy,
Clinical Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of
Pharmacy; President, Your Prescription for Health, Owings Mills,
MD; Leonard Wisneski, MD, FACP, George Washington University,
Rockville, MD; Ira Zunin, MD, MPH, MBA, President and Chairman,
Hawaii State Consortium for Integrative Medicine, Honolulu, HI.
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Copyright © 2004 A.D.A.M., Inc
The publisher does not accept any
responsibility for the accuracy of the information or the
consequences arising from the application, use, or misuse of any
of the information contained herein, including any injury and/or
damage to any person or property as a matter of product
liability, negligence, or otherwise. No warranty, expressed or
implied, is made in regard to the contents of this material. No
claims or endorsements are made for any drugs or compounds
currently marketed or in investigative use. This material is not
intended as a guide to self-medication. The reader is advised to
discuss the information provided here with a doctor, pharmacist,
nurse, or other authorized healthcare practitioner and to check
product information (including package inserts) regarding
dosage, precautions, warnings, interactions, and
contraindications before administering any drug, herb, or
supplement discussed herein.
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